Phimosis is a condition in which the foreskin of the penis becomes too tight to be pulled back (retracted) over the glans. It is common in infants and young boys, where physiological phimosis is considered normal and often resolves naturally as the child grows. However, when phimosis persists beyond childhood or develops later in life, it is known as pathological phimosis and may require medical attention.

In children, phimosis usually occurs because the foreskin is naturally attached to the glans at birth. Over time, it gradually loosens. By the age of 3–5 years, most boys can retract the foreskin partially or fully. If retraction remains difficult after this age or causes symptoms, evaluation by a doctor is recommended.

In adults, phimosis may be caused by repeated infections (balanitis or posthitis), scarring, poor hygiene, diabetes, or skin disorders like lichen sclerosus. Symptoms include pain during urination, discomfort during erections, ballooning of the foreskin while passing urine, redness, recurrent infections, or difficulty maintaining hygiene.

Phimosis can also lead to complications if untreated. These may include urinary tract infections, persistent inflammation, painful intercourse, or paraphimosis — a medical emergency in which the retracted foreskin becomes stuck behind the glans.

Diagnosis is usually made through physical examination. Treatment depends on age, symptoms, and severity. In children with mild phimosis, conservative treatment such as gentle foreskin stretching and topical steroid creams (like betamethasone) is often successful. These creams help soften the skin and improve elasticity, usually resolving the condition within a few weeks.